A special thanks to Professor Susan Eck of S.U.N.Y. at Buffalo who maintains The Pan American Exposition 1901 website at http://www.panam1901.bfn.org
ChicagoDaily Tribune, Speech That Prompted Murderous Assault on the President, September 7, 1901.
Evans, Harold, The American Century. Alfred A. Knopf, 2000.
Grant, Robert. Cosmopolitan, September, 1901 from http://www.panam.bfn.org
Leech, Margaret, In the Days of McKinley. Harper and Brothers Publishers. 1959.
Morgan, H. Wayne, William McKinley and His America. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1963
Nash, Jay Robert, Encyclopedia of World Crime. Wilmette, IL: Crimebooks, Inc. 1990.
New York Times:
September 8, 1901,The Assassin Makes a Full Confession, p. 1
Assassin Known as a Rabid Anarchist, p.4; September 11, 1901
Emma Goldman is Arrested in Chicago, p. 3; September 24
Assassin Czolgosz on Trial in Buffalo, p. 1; September 25, 1901
Czolgosz Guilty, p. 1; October 28, 1901,
Plans For Execution of Assassin Czolgosz, p. 1; October 30, 1901
Assassin Czolgosz is Executed at Auburn, p. 3.
Olcott, Charles S., The Life of William McKinley. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1916.
Tebbel, John and Watts, Sarah Miles (1985), The Press and the Presidency. Oxford University Press. 1985.
Wilson, Colin, True Crime. NYC: Carroll and Graf Publishers Inc.1998.



